Body composition: Hydrodensitometry Under Water Weighing test
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Muscular Endurance – “refers to the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to repeatedly move against a submaximal resistance”, (Jay Hoffman, Page 41, 2006)
Muscular Endurance test: The test used to measure muscular endurance is the 1 Minute Sit up Test. Equipment: The only equipment that is required is minimal: 1. Stop watch 2. Mat 3. X 2 Administrators Procedure: 1. The subject begins by sitting comfortably on the mat. 2. He should start with his back straight on the mat. 3. His knees should be bent and his feet on the mat. 4. The subject should then place his hands on both sides of his head with his elbows pointing out to the sides. 5. When the administrator starts the watch and says “GO”, the subject can then begin performing a sit up. 6. From the starting position he should raise his upper body of the mat by tensing his core and lifting himself up towards his knees. His hands should remain on the side of his head and his knees should be bent with his feet placed firmly on the ground. 7. To increase the tests reliability, the administrator who isn’t recording the time should hold down the subjects feet so he doesn't raise them upwards, this prevents the subject from lifting his feet and making the sit up easier. NOTE: The administrator who is holding the feet in place, also counts the amount of sit ups performed by the subject. Click on this link to learn how to perform a sit up. http://www.netfit.co.uk/fitness/exercises/abdominals/sit-ups.htm Click this link to view a video demonstrating the sit up test: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt2wEozVcx4 Advantages: 1. “This sit up test measures the strength and endurance of the abdominals and hip-flexor muscles”, (Top End Sports. 2014) 2. The test is very cheap, you can purchase an exercise mat and a stop watch for only, £9.16. Buy the exercise mat here: http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/like/141111007752?limghlpsr=true&hlpv=2&ops=true&viphx=1&hlpht=true&lpid=108&device=c&ad&crdt=0&ff3=1&ff11=ICEP3.0.0&ff12=67&ff13=80&ff14=108 Buy the stop watch here: http://www.proswimwear.co.uk/fastime-01-blue-stop-watch.html 3. The test can be performed almost anywhere, ranging from a sports hall to at home! 4. The skill level of the tester does not need to be of a specialist elite knowledge, all the administrator needs to do is start and stop the stopwatch and record the timing. The other administrator needs to hold down the subject’s feet and count the amount of times he performs a sit up. 5. The use of two administrators increase the likelihood of correct results. Disadvantages: 1. This test isn't a good indicator of overall muscular endurance, as it only focuses on the abdominal endurance. This will be a major disadvantage to a long distance cyclist who wants to test their muscular endurance, as they will be focusing of their legs. 2. Another disadvantage is that an administrator is required, this could potentially make it harder for subjects to complete the test as they might find it hard to find two administrators. Validity: The test is only valid if it actually measures the aim of the test; which is muscular endurance. It does measure muscular endurance for the core/abdominal muscles, however the validity for overall muscular endurance is severely lessened; as it is not a great indicator for overall muscular endurance. Reliability: The test would only be reliable, if when repeated the same conditions and protocol is carried out. Click the link find out further information on factors that could potentially worsen the reliability of the test: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/eval.htm#effect Normative data: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/home-situp.htm Click on the link to see normative data for the 1 minute sit up test. Images: http://www.netfit.co.uk/fitness/exercises/abdominals/sit-ups.htm 1. Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt2wEozVcx4 References: 2. Jay Hoffman, Page 41, 2006. Norms for Fitness, Performance and Health. Human Kinetics Inc. 3. http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/home-situp.htm 4. http://www.netfit.co.uk/fitness/exercises/abdominals/sit-ups.htm 5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt2wEozVcx4 6. http://www.brianmac.co.uk/eval.htm#effect Speed definition: “Speed is the differential rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time”, (Tony Scott – Page 26, 2002)
Test used: The 30M Sprint Test is used to measure ones speed. EQUIPMENT: Cones Speed gates Marked track Flat and clear 50m surface PROCEDURE: 1. The subject starts from a stationary position. 2. Their foot must be on or behind the starting line. 3. The subject must not be rocking or moving forwards before he has been told to start. 4. The athlete can begin the test as soon as the administrator has set up the time gates. The 30m sprint begins as soon as the sensors on the speed gates are triggered. The test ends when they pass the finishing gates. Click here to see a video of the 30m sprint protocol: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZFETFp7n2E ADVANTAGES: 1. Using the speed gates is more reliable as you get an accurate score of your time for sprinting the 30 seconds. 2. The test doesn't take long to conduct. 3. The facilities required is another great advantage, as this test can be performed almost anywhere – the test needs to be conducted on a 50M flat surface. 4. The test is an overall good measurement of acceleration and speed, "The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's ability to effectively and efficiently build up acceleration, from a standing start or from starting blocks, to maximum speed", (Brian mac, 2014) DISADVANTAGES: 1. The equipment that is required is expensive, you can purchase it here: http://www.habdirect.co.uk/brower-tc-gate?gclid=CJ6QzqqMn78CFa_LtAodE2sAig 2. The administrator of the test needs to know how to set up the specialist equipment. Reliability: The reliability of the test is enhanced if speed gates are used as they are far more precise than using a stop watch. Using a crosswind would also increase the reliability when repeating the test, “If possible, set up the track with a crosswind to minimize the effect of wind”, (Topendsports, 2014) Validity: Precisely measures acceleration and speed. This test should be performed 3 times during 1 session to find an average score. Click the link to view normative data for the 30m sprint: http://speedendurance.com/2010/10/10/the-soccer-football-30-meter-sprint-test/ References: Revise for PE GCSE Edexcel – PAGE 26. Tony Scott 2002. http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/sprint-30meters.htm http://speedendurance.com/2010/10/10/the-soccer-football-30-meter-sprint-test/ http://www.brianmac.co.uk/30accel.htm Below is averages for the 30M SPRINT:(Davis B, et al. Physical Education and the Study of Sport, 2000) POWER: Power is “a combination of strength (force) and velocity or speed. Power is defined as work divided by time or the rate of doing work”, (Brian J. Sharkey, Steven E. Gaskill, and PG. 146 - 2007)
POWER = FORCE X DISTANCE / TIME Test: The test that measures ones power is the Vertical Jump Equipment: 1. Verti-Metric Vertical jump system. http://www.healthandcare.co.uk/strength/vertimetric-vertical-jump-assessment-system.html?gclid=CPed-tXrmb8CFQIYwwod7CEAxA 2. A mat is also required, “The Just Jump Mat is a 27 inch x 27 inch mat with a hand-held battery operated computer unit. The mat calculates vertical jump height by measuring the time that the feet are not in contact with the mat, and from this calculates explosive leg power”, (Just Jump System - Top end sport, 2014) Purchase the equipment online - http://www.healthandcare.co.uk/strength/vertimetric-vertical-jump-assessment-system.html?gclid=CPed-tXrmb8CFQIYwwod7CEAxA You can purchase the mat on: http://www.performbetter.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/Product2_10151_10751_1004140_-1_1000198_1000194_1000194_ProductDisplayErrorView Procedure: 1. The subject stands on the mat, with their feet slightly wider than shoulder width apart. 2. They then place their hands on their hips and stand tall. 3. When the administer has set up the equipment the subject can then jump when they want to. 4. They then jump over the mat and land. 5. The score is then read. 6. There is a minimal 15second recovery period between each jump performed. 7. The final result is best of 3. The athlete will have two stances that are going to be measured. One stance will be in a squat position and then explode of the mat and the other stance will be from standing tall. Click on this link to see the test being performed by athletes: http://www.topendsports.com/videos/245/testing/power/vj/impresive-vertical-jump-using-timing-mat/ Advantages: 1. This test is far more accurate then the vertical wall jump test, as this test actually measures the time you’re in the air as soon as you leave the mat. This then provides you with results and you can predict your lower limb power. 2. Measures vertical leap and leg power. 3. Data can be stored and then analysed by using the device. 4. The apparatus is not large or bulky, so you can move it easily to suit the environment you are in. 5. Can be carried around and performed almost anywhere, preferably in a controlled environment such as a sports hall or lab. 6. The test does not take long to conduct. Disadvantages: 1. The equipment is very expensive, http://www.healthandcare.co.uk/strength/vertimetric-vertical-jump-assessment-system.html?gclid=CPed-tXrmb8CFQIYwwod7CEAxA http://www.performbetter.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/Product2_10151_10751_1004140_-1_1000198_1000194_1000194_ProductDisplayErrorView This will make it hard for many people to perform the test due to the price of the product. If athletes do want to perform the test they will have to go to a specialist lab that has the equipment. 2. To carry out the test, you need a specialist tester to administer the test. 3. The equipment required needs to be calibrated, this could prove to be difficult with some athletes if they are performing the test on their own. If they don’t calibrate the test and make sure the measuring box is correct then this could give them false results and affect future progressions and training programmes. Validity: This test does not take into consideration power in the arms it only focuses on power in the legs. Reliability:To produce stable and consistent results the test should be performed in the same conditions, under the same administer. NORMATIVE DATA: To view normative data and further infomation visit this very helpful website: http://cla.pointstreaksites.com/files/uploaded_documents/357/469_Vertical_Jump.pdf http://www.brianmac.co.uk/sgtjump.htm REFERENCES: Fitness and Health – Sixth Edition. Publisher: Human Kinetics. Page 146.Brian J. Sharkey, Steven E. Gaskill, 2007 Just Jump System - Top end sport, 2014 http://cla.pointstreaksites.com/files/uploaded_documents/357/469_Vertical_Jump.pdf Muscular strength definition: “the ability of the neuro- muscular system to generate force. The expression
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